{"id":1187,"date":"2026-06-08T05:37:03","date_gmt":"2026-06-08T05:37:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/americanmovershub.com\/?p=1187"},"modified":"2026-06-08T05:37:03","modified_gmt":"2026-06-08T05:37:03","slug":"remote-utah-mill-aims-to-reduce-u-s-dependence-on-china-in-this-critical-industry","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/americanmovershub.com\/?p=1187","title":{"rendered":"Remote Utah mill aims to reduce U.S. dependence on China in this critical industry"},"content":{"rendered":"<div>\n<div>\n<div>\n<div>KEY POINTS<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div>\n<ul>\n<li>America is woefully behind China in mining and processing rare earth minerals, which are critical to modern life.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>The White Mesa Mill in southeastern Utah could potentially lead United States&#8217; processing by 2027.\u00a0<\/li>\n<li>The facility faced environmental backlash from neighbors but may become an integral part of America&#8217;s renewable future.\u00a0<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<p>The White Mesa Mill in the southeast corner of Utah is the only conventional uranium processing plant left in the country. By virtue of that capability and the team\u2019s expertise, it\u2019s on the cusp of becoming one of the very few scalable rare earth mineral processing facilities in the United States. <\/p>\n<p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/americanmovershub.com\/?p=1185\">Opinion: Helping young couples with the challenging choice to start families<\/a><\/p>\n<p>While that may not sound too thrilling on its surface \u2014 just wait for the periodic table and processing circuit facts \u2014 it\u2019s a significant geopolitical matter, particularly in light of President Donald Trump\u2019s recent trip to China. <\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s because it\u2019s hard to overstate how dependent the world is on China for rare earth minerals. While the global share of those mined coming from the country is itself quite big \u2014 about 70% \u2014 its dominance in processing is what\u2019s really staggering. <\/p>\n<p>Of the world\u2019s entire supply of processed rare earth minerals, some 90% come from China. <\/p>\n<p>Once refined, a difficult and time consuming process, those elements are used for everything from national security and defense manufacturing through renewable energy systems, batteries and electric vehicles. They are found in cellphones and car engines and Americans interact with them every day in ways both obvious and obscure. <\/p>\n<p>The result is that the United States is dependent on China for the materials necessary for modern society. It\u2019s the reason the Council on Foreign Relations called rare earth minerals part of \u201cAmerica\u2019s most dangerous dependence.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>Both independent and government analysts \u201chave long understood\u201d that the United States is \u201cdangerously overdependent\u201d on China for, among a few things, rare early elements, wrote Heidi Crebo-Rediker, a senior fellow at the Council on Foreign Relations and the State Department\u2019s first chief economist. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cThese resources \u2014 which are key inputs in advanced technologies, energy infrastructure, and defense systems \u2014 play a vital role in the United States\u2019 peacetime economy and national security,\u201c Crebo-Rediker wrote. \u201dOver the past decade, Washington has taken some meaningful steps to address the country\u2019s supply chain vulnerabilities. Yet these efforts remain too modest.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>It\u2019s a view shared by the team that owns and manages the White Mesa Mill in Utah.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cOne of the places where the United States is kind of getting our butts kicked right now is in mineral processing and rare earth processing. And so we, of course, understood that and we started looking at the White Mesa Mill and saying, \u2018Wait a second, we can do a lot of that stuff,\u2019\u201d said Curtis Moore, the senior vice president of marketing and corporate development at Energy Fuels, the Denver-based company that owns the mill.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s truly a piece of critical infrastructure in the United States because it has some capabilities that literally no other facility in the United States has.\u201d <\/p>\n<h3>Rare earth elements aren\u2019t rare<\/h3>\n<p>There are 17 elements on the periodic table \u2014 the 15 on the second-to-last row plus an additional two \u2014 that are classified as \u201crare earths.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>Those rare earth elements, or REEs, are the pure form of the metals. Unlike other metal elements such as copper, gold and silver, they are not found in large, concentrated deposits. <\/p>\n<p>They\u2019re often found combined with other metals in some version of an elemental melting pot of ore, clay or sand. Those are called \u201crare earth minerals\u201d or, more colloquially in the mining and processing industry, as \u201cfeed stocks.\u201d It is from those that the individual elements are then isolated. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhen Earth was created, those elements \u2014 those metals \u2014 are so similar to each other that they tended to kind of stick together,&#8221; Moore said. \u201cSo, where you find one of these rare earths, you will find all of the rest of them in different concentrations.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>Separating these combined minerals into isolated elements is what makes processing them at an industrial scale so hard. Though the name suggests otherwise, it\u2019s not because they are \u201crare\u201d to find. <\/p>\n<p>Which brings Moore to the first of his three rules about rare earth elements that everyone needs to know. \u201cNumber one,\u201d he said, \u201crare earths are not rare.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>Moore said that they\u2019re actually quite common and that it\u2019s not unusual to find various deposits, which are often unearthed as a byproduct of other mining. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cBut what it really boils down to is whether you can mine and process those rare earths economically and responsibly,\u201d Moore said. \u201cAnd that\u2019s where things start to get narrowed down.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>Which explains why there is only one existing rare earth processing facility in the United States. MP Materials, which owns and operates the Mountain Pass Mine in California near Las Vegas, has been doing so for 70 years. <\/p>\n<p>Moore\u2019s second rule is that rare earths are often found mixed with uranium and thorium, which are the elements used for nuclear applications that the White Mesa Mill specializes in. The fact that so many of those elements are packaged with radioactive material is what makes White Mesa Mill, he said, a uniquely positioned mill for processing rare earth elements. <\/p>\n<p>The mill, which is an existing hydrometallurgical processing facility, already has the expertise, capabilities, licenses, infrastructure and tailings to deal with radioactive material. That\u2019s different from some of the few other companies like USA Rare earth also rushing to help the U.S. compete with China. <\/p>\n<p>The third is that rare earth processing is a niche industry that requires companies to own a full vertical integration \u2014 from mine ownership, processing, metal making through manufacturing magnets or batteries \u2014 in order to be economically viable. <\/p>\n<h3>Competing with China<\/h3>\n<p>When compared to China, Moore said, if a company only owns a few steps in the process, the whole enterprise \u201cbecomes wildly uneconomic &#8230; in a hurry.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>\u201cChina doesn\u2019t look at every little step. They say, \u2018We got to mine a mineral and we\u2019re going to produce an electric vehicle drivetrain,\u2019\u201d Moore said. \u201cWe have to look at it in the same way. And that\u2019s what our company is doing. We are vertically integrating this rare earth supply chain right now.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>Energy Fuels not only owns domestic mines, it owns or has stakes in several other international sites that will eventually produce uranium and rare earth feed stock in Madagascar, Brazil and Australia. In addition to that side of the supply chain, the corporation is also set to close this summer on Australian Strategic Materials, which owns a rare earth metal and alloying plant that will push its integration closer to a finished product. <\/p>\n<p>As for processing, Kim Casey, the director of investor relations, explained that the mill currently has a capacity to process 1,000 metric tons of rare earths annually. The company has two more phases of expansion planned \u2014 requiring pending regulatory permits \u2014 that will increase the REEs it can process and the scale at which it can. <\/p>\n<p>Building should start in 2027, which means that Energy Fuels is still several years away. \u201cBut it\u2019s not like we\u2019re 10 years away,\u201d Moore said. \u201cWe will have a very competitive supply chain in place by, say, 2029.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>At which point, Casey said it\u2019s just a matter of time until Utah is the center of American rare earth processing. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cThe White Mesa Mill is really going to turn out to be, like, the center of the world for rare earth processing,\u201d Casey said, \u201din Blanding, Utah.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>Uniquely far away <\/h3>\n<p>Adjacent to U.S. 191, the mill is deep in the Four Corners region of Utah. It\u2019s about a mile west of the Bears Ears National Monument boundary, and near \u2014 strictly in the western sense \u2014 to both the Valley of the Gods and the San Juan River. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cIt\u2019s uniquely far away from a lot of bigger places,\u201d said one person who works at the Mill. \u201cWe\u2019re very isolated in the U.S. &#8230; The nearest Walmart\u2019s an hour and a half away.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Six miles to the north is Blanding, the largest city in San Juan County with about 3,300 residents, where many of the folks who work at the mill live. About seven miles south is the town of White Mesa on the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe reservation. <\/p>\n<p>The mill opened in 1980 to process the uranium pulled from the thousands of nearby mines then prevalent in the region. Its initial planning documents suggested that it would have a similar lifespan to other mills in the area \u2014 about 15 to 20 years \u2014 and then close down. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cAt that time, the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe gave their consent to do that. Well, now \u2014 many decades later \u2014 the mill\u2019s still operating,\u201d said Tim Peterson, the cultural landscapes director for the Grand Canyon Trust, an advocacy group that\u2019s opposition to the White Mesa Mill is long-standing and well-articulated. <\/p>\n<p>Over the past 46 years, sentiments about a radioactive facility operating in the region have shifted and the mill has become quite a contentious issue for some, including the neighboring tribe whose water table is close to the mill\u2019s tailing pools that store radioactive byproduct. They\u2019ve issued a resolution stating that they want mill operations to cease.<\/p>\n<p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/americanmovershub.com\/?p=1183\">Opinion: Maybe a minister of happiness wouldn\u2019t be a bad idea after all<\/a><\/p>\n<p> Scott Clow, the environmental programs director for the Ute Mountain Ute Tribe, who is clear about not being a member of the tribe nor a spokesperson, said that the tribe\u2019s frustration begins with the mill being built on cultural sites that it has held sacred for generations.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cFrom a tribal cultural perspective, the tribe is very disturbed by that,\u201d Clow said. <\/p>\n<p>But that\u2019s not all. Clow said that \u201cthe White Mesa Mill in Utah is a profound environmental issue we\u2019re concerned about.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>That\u2019s for a variety of reasons that are shared by more people than just tribal members. Among the biggest contentions is that it stores hundreds of millions of pounds of radioactive material in large tailing pools within a robust ecosystem home to people, cultural history and a unique ecology. <\/p>\n<p>Another is that in the years when nuclear energy was less publicly acceptable, the mill began processing uranium from what it called \u201calternative feeds,\u201d which meant it accepted radioactive byproduct from other facilities around the world. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cYou could imagine the tribe\u2019s perspective to have that facility on top of the sacred sites become an international radioactive waste dump,\u201d Clow said. <\/p>\n<h3>There\u2019s no free lunch<\/h3>\n<p>The environmental tension regarding the mill is not just words on the screen either. It\u2019s a reason why Deseret News is not publishing the names of anyone who works at the mill in this story. <\/p>\n<p>One said that since the mill now processes rare earths, there\u2019s potential for some of the anger over environmental concerns to be tempered. As a result, it\u2019s not as easy of a target anymore. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cI don\u2019t think we\u2019re changing people\u2019s minds,\u201d they said, \u201cbut now it\u2019s a lot harder to speak against us.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>While the mill\u2019s pivot to add rare earth processing to its repertoire does complicate some environmental concerns, it certainly does not alleviate them. <\/p>\n<p>Still, Clow said that the fact that any future with renewable energy requires mining is \u201cnot lost on\u201d him nor the tribe \u201cat all.\u201d It was something he\u2019d like Energy Fuels to understand from the tribe\u2019s perspective. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cThere\u2019s no free lunch, man. It\u2019s a perhaps overused and misused term but in the sense of physics &#8230; input equals output. And so we\u2019re well aware that in order to build out electrical infrastructure, renewable energy, electric vehicles, computers \u2014 all of it \u2014 it takes mining,\u201d he said. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cWe all drive vehicles that are made out of mined things. The tribe has been in the oil and gas business for 75 years. So they\u2019re well aware of that. But yeah, there\u2019s no free lunch.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>Boom and bust<\/h3>\n<p>These days, nuclear energy is popular in ways that would have been hard to fathom over the past 45 years. That industry has navigated major ups and downs related to alternating public support and fear, all of which has impacted the people who work at the White Mesa Mill, some of whom have been there for 40 years. <\/p>\n<p>The potential rare earths offer as new revenue is exciting as a means to ensure consistent work for the 105 or so people who rely on the mill. As one person said, it\u2019s not like they can just go down the road from Blanding and find more work if the mill goes under. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cRare earths is a chance of stability,\u201d said one mill worker. \u201cUranium \u2014 even in a hundred years from now \u2014 will never be as stable of a situation.&#8221; <\/p>\n<p>To get to this point though, they had to earn it. It took an effort that\u2019s worthy of a movie or documentary treatment, a team member suggested. <\/p>\n<p>Against the odds, working with limited resources and \u2014 literally \u2014 duct tape, the rare earth team dedicated nearly every waking second for at least four years to figure out how to turn an existing uranium mill into a scalable rare earths processing circuit.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cWhat we\u2019ve done has set us up with the potential to really move the needle,\u201d the mill worker said. \u201cSo, we\u2019re proud of that. And hopefully we get to stick around and keep doing it.\u201d<\/p>\n<h3>What\u2019s the milling process? <\/h3>\n<p>The primary feed stock the White Mesa Mill uses is called monazite sand, which contains uranium as well as many other rare earths. To date, all of their feed stock has come from the Chemours Corporation\u2019s mines in Florida and Georgia, which means it\u2019s mostly a domestic product. <\/p>\n<p>Eventually, however, the sands will come from all over, including some from the United States, but will primarily be coming from those mines they purchased in Brazil, Australia and Madagascar.<\/p>\n<p>Once the sand arrives in giant white \u201csuper sacks,\u201d Moore explained, it\u2019s put through a caustic process called \u201ccrack and leach.\u201d By applying an acid that targets the stable metallurgic elements, the desired metals are made soluble and then separated from the sand. <\/p>\n<p>Next, the mill uses a similar process to purify the metal to what it\u2019s applied to uranium for the past 45 years. It\u2019s called solvent extraction. <\/p>\n<p>To do so, the facility requires three or four swimming pool-sized tanks to refine and obtain the desired element. For rare earths, however, those tanks are hot tub or wash basin-sized and there\u2019s a series of 50 to 100 of them. <\/p>\n<p>After the REEs are purified, they\u2019re dried into a dust and shipped to a metallurgic and alloy plant, which then transforms that product into a manufacturing grade metal. <\/p>\n<p>As of now, the mill is doing that within the confines of its existing uranium business and permits. Plus, as legislators in Utah, Wyoming and several other states race to develop nuclear energy facilities, the demand for its processed uranium puts pressure on the facility\u2019s finite resources. <\/p>\n<p>Which is why Energy Fuels has applied for new permits so the White Mesa Mill can do dedicated rare earth processing \u2014 rather than a complimentary circuit to uranium \u2014 and build a new facility. Those approvals are pending but with Utah elected officials pushing for more rare earths, they appear probable to both adversaries and Energy Fuels alike. <\/p>\n<h3>Ending a cold war <\/h3>\n<p>Moore believes, however, that it does not matter where a person lands on the political spectrum as those mined minerals are necessary for the country\u2019s global, economic and technological success. <\/p>\n<p>Plus, the materials are at the heart of the country\u2019s \u201ccold war\u201d with China and that national security piece cannot be overlooked. <\/p>\n<p>Yet, that sense of being overlooked is part of the frustration felt by locals who do not want to live near a radioactive facility. And while regulations from the Atomic Energy Act and the radioactive material license mandate nuclear facilities are strong enough to safely hold dangerous materials for 1,000 years, Clow said that the only people who really understands such timelines are the community who live adjacent to the mill. <\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s evidence that the Utes and Paiutes have been in the region for 10,000 years. Meanwhile, the radioactive industry is about 100 years old. Clow said, \u201cThose people don\u2019t understand a thousand years.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u201cThey say, \u2018yeah, it should be safe for a thousand years,\u2019\u201d Clow said, but \u201cwhen you look at this facility that\u2019s been there for 46 years, it\u2019s going to be there forever; that radioactive material will be there forever.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>There\u2019s still no such thing as a free lunch. Clow himself said that you \u201cdon\u2019t get something for nothing.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>For Energy Fuels and the team at the White Mesa Mill, that something is not just addressing a critical dependence, it\u2019s stability and many other things, too. <\/p>\n<p>\u201cOur site\u2019s a good example of why, man, we\u2019ve got to start giving industry \u2014 I don\u2019t know \u2014 not a break, but just realize its value,\u201d said members of the mill team. \u201cIf the White Mesa Mill would have been closed up 10 years ago, there\u2019s no conversation happening. And if we are going to do rare earths, it\u2019s going to be a lot harder, a lot more expensive. You\u2019re going to have to go dig up a new piece of ground somewhere, put in new facilities.\u201d <\/p>\n<p>Read more <a href=\"https:\/\/americanmovershub.com\/?p=1181\">Why 4 in 10 Utah teens aren\u2019t talking to their parents<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>What are rare earth minerals? How are rare earth minerals used? Does U.S. process rare earth elements? China dominates rare earth minerals production.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1186,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1187","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-interesting"],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Remote Utah mill aims to reduce U.S. dependence on China in this critical industry - American Movers Hub<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/americanmovershub.com\/?p=1187\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Remote Utah mill aims to reduce U.S. dependence on China in this critical industry - American Movers Hub\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"What are rare earth minerals? 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How are rare earth minerals used? Does U.S. process rare earth elements? 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