Chaos characterizes the Middle East, and that has been true for most of the very long history of the region, which can be traced in relatively detailed terms back to biblical times.
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The Trump administration along with Israel conducted air attacks on Iran in June 2025, and this February started far more substantial attacks, including a naval blockade. Destroying Iran’s capacity to leap from nuclear enrichment to nuclear weapons has been the principal — though not the only — objective.
Criticism of these military actions has been sustained and extensive, in the U.S. and overseas.
Rather than simply joining this chorus, this column provides background on the long, complex U.S. relationship with Iran.
Immediately after World War II, Soviet troops occupied northern Iran. The Truman administration successfully pressured Moscow to withdraw. At the time, the United States had a monopoly on the atomic bomb, which had been used to force Japan to end World War II in the Pacific.
Later, British intelligence and U.S. CIA operatives overthrew the elected government of Mohammad Mosaddegh.
The Suez Crisis of 1956 remains the most serious and potentially disruptive of seemingly endless Middle East confrontations. President Dwight Eisenhower used economic leverage and astute diplomacy decisively to end a secretly planned old-style colonial military effort by Britain. France and Israel were able to recapture the Suez Canal, seized by Egypt’s new nationalist regime, and punish Egypt.
In 1979, Islamic militants overthrew the pro-U.S. Iran regime. This abruptly ended Iran’s close and notably influential U.S. alliance. Over the decades since, the breach has continued.
After ousting the autocratic Shah of Iran, Mohammed Reza Pahlavi, a very long-term ally of Washington, Islamic militants seized the American embassy, took hostages and held them for months. The lengthy crisis helped Ronald Reagan defeat incumbent President Jimmy Carter in 1980. During the Reagan administration, the U.S. supported Saddam Hussein’s Iraq in a lengthy eight-year war with Iran.
The Iran hostage crisis overshadowed, at least temporarily, Carter’s success in brokering an enduring peace agreement between Egypt and Israel.
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President George H.W. Bush and Secretary of State Baker deserve enormous credit for the 1991 Allied liberation of Kuwait from Iraq and successful postwar diplomacy. Their example should inform U.S. leaders.
An Obama administration accord to limit Iran nuclear enrichment was abandoned by the first Trump administration.
The 2009 Iran presidential election sparked mass demonstrations against alleged election fraud. Use of cellphones to report the demonstrations revealed broad public coordination.
The Shah’s modernization policies over the long term created a relatively well-educated population. There is a sizable middle class. The urban population has been expanding steadily.
Women play influential roles in a wide range of professions.
Severe economic sanctions on Iran, initiated in 1979 by the U.S., became international in 2005. They could destroy the economy.
Some speculate Iran could move in the same direction as Turkey. That nation constitutionally is a secular state and remains a faithful member of NATO, though a fundamentalist party controls the presidency.
Nearly a decade before the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, former President Richard Nixon in his book “Beyond Peace” argued that invading provocative Saddam Hussein’s Iraq would be a mammoth blunder, leading to expansion of the influence of Iran, our actual regional diplomatic and strategic rival.
History and current unfolding events confirm Nixon’s insight.
Despite extremely serious challenges, durable progress was achieved by Presidents Eisenhower, Carter and George H.W. Bush.
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Think about what’s best for our nation today.